Far from Empire - German Colonial History and its Memorials

Europe’s long and sinister colonial history can still be experienced in many places. Forced-upon European heritage, such as languages or the ominous right to militarily intervene, are found all over the globe. The different colonial narratives of the British Empire, the Spanish Navy or Portuguese traders are well known and often still glorified as a grand national past. Outside of Germany, the country’s colonial history is not referred to often within Germany it is a rather sore topic. Being overshadowed by the two World Wars, it is up to recent historical studies to fully bring it into the light. Even if – in terms of gaining territory, compared to its rivals - Germany’s colonial endeavors weren’t exactly successful, German colonial forces are guilty of terrible crimes against peoples indigenous to their colonies. As are so many European histories of the 17th,18th, 19th and 20th century, the German one is not short of gruesome acts committed in the name of forging a global empire. German East Africa and German-Samoa Even though Germans were part of the European Colonial Expansion right from the beginning, the engagement of Germany as a formal colonial power started its endeavors rather late. One reason was that the foundation of the German Empire in 1871, before that there was no â€Å"Germany† that could, as a nation, colonize anyone. Maybe that is another reason for the pressing necessity to acquire colonies, which seems to have been felt by German officials. From 1884 on, Germany quickly incorporated African colonies such as Togo, Cameroon, Namibia and Tanzania (some under different names) into the Empire. A few Pacific Islands and a Chinese colony followed. The German colonial officers aimed at being very efficient colonizers, which resulted in very ruthless and brutal behavior towards the natives. This, of course, sparked rebellions and uprisings, which the oppressors, in turn, brutally put down. In German South-West Africa (Namibia), the German leaders attempted to segregate all inhabitants by a German upper class and an African working class – following an ideology of deep biologist racism. This kind of segregation was not limited to German colonies. All of European colonialism shows this attribute. But, one can say that German forces were the most efficient as the examples of Namibia and, a Generation later, the occupation of Eastern Europe show. German colonialism was driven by heavy armed conflicts, some of which are rightfully called genocide (e.g. the so-called Herero Wars, which lasted from ca. 1904 until 1907), as German attacks and the following famines were responsible for the death of an estimated 80% of all Herero. The German colonies in the â€Å"South Sea† also fell victim to colonial violence. German battalions were even part of ending the Boxer Rebellion in China. The first period of German colonialism ended after World War I when its protectorates were taken from the Reich, as it was unfit to be a colonial power. But the Third Reich brought a second period of course. A surge of colonial memorials throughout the 1920s, ’30s, and 40s prepared the public for a dawning new colonial age. One, that quickly ended with the victory of the Allied Forces in 1945. Memories and Memorials - Germany’s Colonial Past is Surfacing The last few years of public debate and discourse have made it clear: Germany’s colonial past can no longer be ignored and has to be duly addressed. Local initiatives successfully fought for the recognition of colonial crimes (e.g. through having the designations of streets changed, that bore the name of colonial leaders) and historians emphasized how history and collective memory itself is often a construct rather than an organically grown development. The self-definition of a society or community is created through delimitation on the one hand and the construction of a common past through notions of unifying grandeur, such as military victories, on the other. The composition of the latter is supported by memorials, memorabilia, as well as historic artifacts. In the case of German colonial history, these items are vastly overshadowed the Third Reich and are often only viewed in its context. Recent history and the present show that there is still a long way to go when it comes to processing Germany’s colonial history. Many streets still carry the names of colonial commanders guilty of war crimes, and many memorials still show German colonialism in an exotic, rather romantic light.

Self Care Activity Of Meditation - 1378 Words

There is nothing good that I can say about today. I have felt sick and nauseated all day. The events that occurred in this city today are unspeakable. I am usually in complete control of my emotions, but to my embarrassment, I lost control of them and I cannot seem to regain control. At first, I felt shocked, when the media released the name of the shooter, I felt like someone had punched me in the stomach. I thought there was no way it could be the same person, there was no way it could be my former co-worker and friend’s brother. Turns out it was. I am heartbroken for the marines who were murdered and their families who have been so heinously, irrevocably altered, but I am also heartbroken for my friend and her family. I feel guilty for the last sentiment, in light of everything, but I can help but be heartbroken for them as well. I have decided to use the self-care activity of meditation to try to process my feelings and regain some emotional control. Right now, I am in a v ery bad mental and emotional state; I hope that his activity will help. The meditation was extremely difficult, but I feel like I am in a better emotional state. I felt the need to lie down, so I lay on my couch and tried to meditate. It lasted a little over twenty minutes. I am not comfortable talking about the thoughts that processed through my head, they are much too personal at the moment, but I will discuss the feelings. Initially, I became more upset, angry, confused and emotionally out ofShow MoreRelatedSelf Care1408 Words   |  6 Pagesforget about self-care. In an effort to prevent burn out, our group has integrated the practices of exercise and meditation into our daily schedules. In the following, we discuss how both mediation and exercise worked and didn’t work for us, what we learned while on this journey, and how we applied our learning to teach someone the skills and knowledge we obtained in meditation and exercise. Countless research and studies have been conducted to explore the benefits of meditation and exercise inRead MoreMeditation Treatment Modality Provided By University Of Minnesota Center For Spirituality And Healing1357 Words   |  6 Pagesscholarly paper, I will reflect on meditation treatment modality provided by University of Minnesota Center for Spirituality and Healing. (2014) and its benefits and opportunities for the older population and persons with chronic diseases (Chan Larson, 2015). Moreover, I will analyze it in terms of Barrett’s Theory of Power (Barrett, 2010) and CAREE Process (O’Brien Lewis, 2016). In addition, throughout the paper, I will describe my thoughts and feelings regarding meditation and meditative practices forRead MoreHypothetical Structure For Self Determination863 Words   |  4 PagesHypothetical Structure for Self-Determination Diverse factors boost or weaken the motivation of an individual. The self-determination hypothesis of motivation acknowledges the significance of mindfulness to inbuilt motivation. In-built motivation is independent and comes from self-generated interests and personal objectives. It creates the encouragement to act volitionally. It is more projecting of positive emotional outcomes and diligence compared to motivation built externally (Saltzman 2014).Read MoreAssignment On The Healthcare Setting1216 Words   |  5 Pagesconsultations, and retreats focusing on mindfulness and stress reduction. The classes and retreats have meditation, relaxation, yoga, and discussion. Consults include one-on-one interaction with Dr. Patterson to develop a â€Å"Self-Care Prescription†, which utilizes various aspects of mind body medicine including such interventions as yoga or other physical activity, reflective/contemplative activities, and journaling. Integrated mind body medicine can be bene ficial for anyone who has stress, conflict,Read MoreSimilarities Between Christianity And Buddhism980 Words   |  4 Pagesperspective, people mirroring the image of God are with deserving of admiration and care. There is a symphonious relationship between God, self and nature; when there is a break in this concordance, one becomes ill. Subsequently, nursing likewise incorporates helping patients in setting up and keeping up an association with God, through Jesus Christ, and also encouraging mending connections among individuals. Spiritual care must be an essential piece of caring for the entire individual, and convey beautyRead MoreThe Field Of Mental Health Counseling1201 Words   |  5 Pagesand adds it into their busy schedule and does not stray from their commitment of their self-care program. It is easy when we get busy to skip a day here and there and the next thing you know we have not taken care of ourselves for a month or longer. Once we permit ourselves to neglect our self-care program the symptoms of burnout and begin to develop very quickly. Personally, I believe with a good self-care program, it is easier to circumvent burnout, then it is to overcome it once you are inRead MoreThe Problem Of The Older Adult Population Essay1685 Words   |  7 Pageschallenges that society was not as prevalent to face before. Now that people are living longer it’s also means that often times family members are becoming caregivers to their loved ones during their so called golden years. Not only may it be difficult to care for a loved one, but it also becomes even more burdensome when their loved has a disability. In fact â€Å"dementia is one of the major causes of disability and dependency among older people worldwide.† (2016). Fortunately there are adult day centers thatRead MoreThe Effects Of Mindfulness Interventions On Health Care Professionals And College Level Students1543 Words   |  7 PagesLiterature Review In the area of health care professionals and college level students, there is evidence supporting increased stress in these populations. While these are very busy lifestyles, it is important for these individuals to engage in self-care techniques to reduce stress, which in turn could increase emotional health, physical health and life satisfaction. Research supports mindfulness practices used with students and healthcare professionals decreases perceived stress, anxiety and increasesRead MoreSelf-Awareness754 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Becoming more self-aware is a process. After reading about the Johari Window and other techniques for conceptualizing self-awareness, I believe I have more tools with which to improve myself. The Johari Window suggests that there will always be some things that remain hidden from consciousness. These are things that can unfold themselves over time, moving into other panes of the window. However, as I learn and grow as a person the unknown pane will fi ll up with new things. Ideally, I will becomeRead MoreTreatment Of Geriatric Depression : A Randomized Controlled Trial1699 Words   |  7 Pagesper week or HE for two hours per week. Participants in this study were given a dose of 10 milligrams daily, but also had an option to increase the dosage to 20 milligrams after four weeks of treatment. TCC is a combination of aerobic exercise and meditation to provide a sense of well-being and control of negative symptoms associated with depression. Lavretsky et al. used a standardized version of TCC that involved twenty movements that offer continuous, repetitious, manageable, nonstrenuous, and slow-paced

Interpersonal Communication in Workplace †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Interpersonal Communication in Workplace. Answer: Introduction: The multivariate analysis process is the statistical technique is used to keep the right information of the data. The analysis is obtained to keep the track of the right data in a meaningful manner. It is usually used for the market research, optimization process, the development process and the recruitment process. Various tools are adopted for the recruitment in the multivariate analysis. The tools includes the control of the quality, the product development tool, the spectroscopy and chemo metrics (Chatfied and Collins 2013). The company must apply the multivariate analysis, which has different aspects to assess the performance while recruiting (Jiang, et al., 2012). The application of it includes the decrease of large number of variables to a comparatively smaller number of variables. It further includes the selection of smaller set of variables and declining the larger set of variables. The application also includes the integration of different data. The application cannot be co mpleted without the creation of variable factors, which is treated as uncorrelated variables. It is basically used to calculate the effects of the variables. It is based on multivariate statistics. Multivariate model is used to estimate a single regression model. This is used to have multiple angles. This model implies that in the real world there are multiple angles for every product, every human being, every process and even every opinion. This model judges the multiple angles of the different factors. During recruitment, the same model is applied. The different angles of perspectives are applied during the recruitment of employees, which is quite important. All the angles of a recruit should be checked and evaluated. Tolerance for ambiguity is the level to which an individual can tolerate any situation. It measures his comfort level with the degree of uncertainty and with situation, which is unpredictable, the situation of conflict. It is the measure to judge the level of intolerance of a person. While recruiting the international managers it is important to judge the tolerance level of him. In an organization, there will be many uncomfortable situations where the manger needs a high tolerance power to resolve the issues. While recruiting the managers it is therefore necessary to evaluate his tolerance power, as being the manger of any organization it is his job to resolve many serious issues. Therefore, he needs to have a high tolerance level. This is the first and foremost criteria of recruiting a manager (Dewaele and Wei 2013) Behavioral flexibility The behavioral flexibility is the flexibility of the behavior of an individual. The manager of any organization must be flexible to any situation. He should be able to create a difference with his behavior. It will help in the betterment of the organization. The manager should be curious to solve the problems and to manage the issues of the company. He should be flexible to all the environments and the grave situations. He should have right intentions and should be clear about the outcomes. While recruiting, this factor should be checked well. The manger is a kind of leader. His behavior is therefore of immense importance (Jiang, et al. 2012) Another ground on which the mangers should be recruited is the ground of nonjudgementalism. The role of the manger is of immense important in an organization. The managers should not be judgmental about something. It is not desirable on his part to pre-judge any situation. He must be neutral. He must be able to infuse positivity in the employees. This can be done by staying neutral. The manager must motivate each employees and he must not be partial and biased. He should be not be misjudging any situation. This factor should be kept in mind of the recruiters while recruiting the international managers. If the managers fail to perform well and if they fail to deliver their duties in an appropriate manner, they become a means of mockery to their employees. The employees no longer are respected in the company. Therefore, it is extremely important for the managers to be nonjudgmental. The managers should be recruited under this category (Jiang, et al. 2012) Ethnocentrism and intercultural sensitivity The manger of an organization should be capable enough to make acquaintance with all type of culture. It is important for the manager to respect all the cultures. It includes the communication skills, the education and the psychology to respect and get mingled with other cultures. He should not be biased and it is not desirable for him to make perceptions regarding any particular community. The manger should have the ability to develop emotions towards all community and he should be able to shoe his attribute to multi culture. The manger should be able to produce effective response to all the cultures. This is the prime criteria on which the international managers should be recruited (Chatfied and Collins 2013) The interpersonal skills are the skills that are used by an individual while interacting and while progressing a conversation with others. This is a major criterion while recruiting an international manager because an international manager is required to look after the business of the company globally (Bedwell, W.L., Fiore, S.M. and Salas 2014). He must be having the proper skill to interact and communicate with all types of people. Standard interpersonal skills are required in case of many positions in any organization. Therefore this skill is important in a manager to carry forward the business of the globally and ensure the smooth running of the company. Many job seekers mentions about the interpersonal skills in their resume, as this is a point of major importance in the working fields. In spite of having the skill, it should eventually be nurtured and it should be improved and developed with time. Being a good absorber of any lessons and training and being a good listener is the ways to improve the interpersonal skills of an individual. The manger must be extrovert and he must have the capability to interact with the employees, which will serve as the criteria of judging his interpersonal skills (DeKay 2012). References Bedwell, W.L., Fiore, S.M. and Salas, E., 2014. Developing the future workforce: An approach for integrating interpersonal skills into the MBA classroom.Academy of Management Learning Education,13(2), pp.171-186. Chatfied, C. and Collins, A.J., 2013.Introduction to multivariate analysis. Springer. DeKay, S.H., 2012. Interpersonal communication in the workplace: A largely unexplored region.Business Communication Quarterly,75(4), pp.449-452. Dewaele, J.M. and Wei, L., 2013. Is multilingualism linked to a higher tolerance of ambiguity?.Bilingualism: Language and Cognition,16(1), pp.231-240. Jiang, K., Lepak, D.P., Hu, J. and Baer, J.C., 2012. How does human resource management influence organizational outcomes? A meta-analytic investigation of mediating mechanisms.Academy of management Journal,55(6), pp.1264-1294.

Macbeth 13 Essay Example For Students

Macbeth 13 Essay Madness may be â€Å"mental incapacity caused by an unmentionable injury. † Such wounds often are not easily perceived but may be revealed in time of stress. Hamlet’s question, â€Å"have you a daughter?†(Act II. Sc2 182) Polonius about the Prince’s emotional state. What is hidden will surely be told to Cloudius by his adviser. Laertes’ search for revenge is sharper proof that madness in degrees of publicity causes harm to the observers. Claudius promise â€Å"no wind of blame†(Act IV, Sc.7,66) once Laertes kills Hamlet; perhaps this is what the uncle has sought all along for himself. Ophelia has a unique, very powerful form of madness; she seems caught as a â€Å"baker’s daughter,(Act IV, Sc. 5, 42) between memories of her father and Hamlet who ought have spokedn to her of events on â€Å"Valentine’s day.(Act IV, Sc 5, 48) She is doubly hexed and the madness she has infects the whole court. Once a person’s mental state has been studied in public, there is no telling the injuries which may affect the viewers. Ever since the death of King Hamlet young Hamlet has been what appeared to be in a state of madness. In a discussion between Hamlet and Polonius Hamlet questions Polonius by asking him â€Å"have you a daughter.†(Act II, Sc.2, 182) In this discussion Hamlet shows antic behavior towards Polonius by mocking him when Hamlet would usually show great respect for him because of he age and heis high position in the court. This sudden question to Polonius has caused Polonius to believe that Hamlet has a form of love-sickness and that Polonius is sure to tell Claudius of his condition. Hamlet also accuses Polonius of being the â€Å"Jephthah, judge of Israel,†(Act II,Sc.2, 399) meaning that Polonius would put his country in front of his daughter. Hamlet has now convinced Polonius that he is in a state of madness because he knows that Polonius cares for his daughter very much and would never put her second. By convincing Polonius that he has no consideration for the well-being of others, Hamlet is then hoping that Polonius will tell the court of his emotional madness. Unlike Hamlet, Laertes has developed a different kind of madness, a madness that is controlled by revenge. When Laertes is talking to Claudius, Laertes gets so much revenge building up inside him against Hamlet that Laertes now wants to â€Å"cut his throat.†(Act 4,Sc.7,125) Laertes’ behavior is caused by the sudden death of his father who was without a due ceremony, and his sister who has been driven mad, has contributed to the madness that is being built up inside Laertes. This madness grows even stronger when Claudius promises â€Å"no wind of blame†(Act IV.Sc7,66) when Laertes kills Hamlet. With Claudius being the puppet holder and Laertes being the puppet, Claudius turns Laertes into a savage beast to avenge for his fathers death; perhaps this is what the Claudius has planned all along. Laertes has a form of madness that is escalating because Laertes knows that he has the capabilities and motivation to act on what he believes on. Ophelia has a unique form of madness unlike Hamlet’s and Laertes’ because it a mixture of love and hate. An example of hate is when she sings about a â€Å"bakers daughter.†(Act IV,Sc.5,42) Ophelia is referring to the way her father used to treat her before the tragic incident of his death. A love within her madness is when she speaks about the events on â€Å"Valentine’s day.†(Act IV, Sc.5,48) When Ophelia speaks about Valentines day she is referring to the events of romance that she was denied. Ophelia’s madness is brought on by her lack of being able to demonstrate any maturity in trying to cope with her losses and in return can only inflict her madness on the court. .u3b849032fc6b493a5b25f1b464666890 , .u3b849032fc6b493a5b25f1b464666890 .postImageUrl , .u3b849032fc6b493a5b25f1b464666890 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3b849032fc6b493a5b25f1b464666890 , .u3b849032fc6b493a5b25f1b464666890:hover , .u3b849032fc6b493a5b25f1b464666890:visited , .u3b849032fc6b493a5b25f1b464666890:active { border:0!important; } .u3b849032fc6b493a5b25f1b464666890 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3b849032fc6b493a5b25f1b464666890 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3b849032fc6b493a5b25f1b464666890:active , .u3b849032fc6b493a5b25f1b464666890:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3b849032fc6b493a5b25f1b464666890 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3b849032fc6b493a5b25f1b464666890 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3b849032fc6b493a5b25f1b464666890 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3b849032fc6b493a5b25f1b464666890 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3b849032fc6b493a5b25f1b464666890:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3b849032fc6b493a5b25f1b464666890 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3b849032fc6b493a5b25f1b464666890 .u3b849032fc6b493a5b25f1b464666890-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3b849032fc6b493a5b25f1b464666890:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Trifles Essay By stating that Hamlet could have controlled his fraudulent madness, he then had the capability of controlling his conscious mind into acting traditional. Where Laertes was very influential by others and had no real control over the mental state he was developing by the sway of Claudius. Ophelia was the most innocent victim of all because she was the side affect of everyone else’s actions and had no idea that she was mentally disintegrating. It can be noticed that within each of these three people there can be no reassurance on what the affect they may have on others due to their mental state in public.

Concepts of Inerrancy and Infallibility in the Bible

Thesis Statement:Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Concepts of Inerrancy and Infallibility in the Bible specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More â€Å"Should the Concepts of Inerrancy and Infallibility in the Bible be utilized as Sufficient Justifications of the Legitimacy of Religious Positions on Social Issues?† Introduction It is quite interesting to note that studies such as those by Sherkat (2011) have indicated that an increasingly large amount of religious sermons, statements of faith, and a wide assortment of other such text related to the affirmation of the Catholic faith in God have increasingly utilized the inerrancy and infallibility of the Bible as a method of legitimizing their claims to faith and justifying their views.1 This is not to say that such ideas are without merit, given the supposedly divine origins of the Bible, however, scholars such as Beale (2011) have stated that utilizing the Bible as the justification for one’s faith and views is in itself highly flawed2. Beale (2011) explains this by stating that even if the Bible is inerrant and infallible the fact remains that faith should be an internal development based on a continuing relationship with God which is supported by the scripture within the Bible, not the other way round wherein scripture is utilized as a means of legitimizing faith. Other scholars such as Smith (2012) question the concepts of inerrancy and infallibility attributed to the Bible given the archaic nature of several scriptures and their general inapplicability to modern day situations3. What you have to understand is that in order to explain the origin of the Bible, the terms inerrancy and infallibility are often utilized interchangeably due to their ability to point out that Bible is far different to any other book that has been written thus far given its historical and religious significance as the word of God.Advertising L ooking for research paper on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Yet, it must be questioned whether such terms should be considered interchangeable given their markedly different meaning and utilization by both the church and religious scholars. First and foremost the term infallible, when utilized in the context of holy scripture such as the Bible, can be defined as transcending concepts related to sin, spiritual or material flaws as well as the deceptions of its writers and the method by which it was communicated to others (i.e. through print, digital text, etc.). In laymen’s terms this means that when the Bible, through the Holy Spirit, describes various aspects related to the good news of Christ such as the vision, purpose and character of God in relation to his design for humanity, is in effect doing so through a transcendental effect that goes straight to the character of the Bible and its message of sa lvation. Inerrant, on the other hand, when defined once more within the context of the Bible, relates to the scriptures within the Bible always being right when carrying out their intended purpose of showing who God is, his vision and purpose for humanity and stating the good news of salvation through Christ4. It is based on this that despite the obvious chronological disparity between the present day and the time in which the bible was written, the content of the scriptures should not be disregarded as if they were a mistake, rather they should be considered as fully applicable guides to current believers regarding the true and righteous path that God had meant for us to follow5. Despite such obvious deviations in meaning and content, inerrancy and infallibility still continue to be used interchangeable to this day. On the other hand, it must be questioned whether the concepts of inerrancy and infallibility can truly be applied to the Bible. This is based on the widely known fact t hat the bible as we know of it today is a combination of select scriptures by the council of Nicaea (325 AD) and as such excludes certain scriptures that could have similarly had the distinction of being considered inerrant and infallible.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Concepts of Inerrancy and Infallibility in the Bible specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Considering that the inerrant and infallible nature of the Bible is based on its divine origins, the fact that the there are some text that are intentionally excluded creates a sufficient amount of reasoning to assume that the Bible is not as inerrant and infallible as it would seem given that it can be deemed as incomplete. It is based on this that it must be asked should the concepts of inerrancy and infallibility in the Bible be utilized as sufficient justifications of the legitimacy of religious positions on social issues? Religious Positions on So cial Issues Religious positions on social issues encapsulate a wide variety of instances such as gay marriage, stem cell research, the death penalty, divorce and other such issues that have ethical and moral underpinnings. It is usually the case that religious positions on such issues often result in positive or negative effects depending on the inherent intent of the religious group involved. For example, due to the advocacy of various religious groups stem cell research has in effect been halted in the U.S. and in other countries around the world due to idea that continuing along this path of research is unethical according the views of God in the Bible involving the sanctity of life. The delay in the social and governmental acceptance of gay marriage in the U.S. and in other countries as well is also a manifestation of the actions of religious groups over their interpretation of the Bible and how this results in their aversion to actions that have been distinctly stated as  "abhorrent† within a variety of scriptures. When examining such issues it can be seen that position of religious on a variety of social issues is connected to interpretations based on the Bible with the inherent justification behind its use being related to its infallibility and inerrant nature.Advertising Looking for research paper on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As explained by the article â€Å"The Evolution of the Debate (2012), various religious groups justify their arguments on social issues based on a literal and single minded interpretation of the Bible without sufficiently thinking if such a point of view is actually applicable to the present day circumstances6. This is due to the fact that they believe that the infallible and inerrant nature of the bible deems their actions as justifiable given that they are supposedly in accordance with the will of God. It is this way of thinking that calls into considerable whether utilizing the supposed inerrant and infallible nature of the bible actually creates a justifiably legitimate position by various religious groups on social issues7. This calls into question whether the utilizing the bible as a means of arguing against the use of stem cell research, gay marriage and other such issues is truly valid. Ethos and the Use of Inerrancy and Infallibility in the Bible as Methods of Justificatio n What must be understood is that Ethos refers to the way in which a person portrays themselves in an argument, in a sense it is a method in which persuaders present an â€Å"image† to people that they are attempting to convince. This particular â€Å"image† refers to a persuaders â€Å"character† in the sense that a person is attempting to persuade another person of the righteousness of their statements based on their inherent character. In the case of the various religious groups this takes the form of them attempting to convince other people of the righteousness of their cause on the basis of the image that they are portraying, namely, that the inerrant and infallible nature of the Bible justifies their arguments against a variety of social issues. It is this argument on the basis of a projected image that is a cause for concern since basing it on a projected image alone does not justify the action itself8. For example, a person may argue for the righteousnes s of a cause on the basis of their knowledge of the event yet this attempt at persuasion may in itself be self-serving for the person that is attempting to persuade other individuals. An examination of the motivations behind the use of ethos by various religious organizations reveals that many of their bible based interpretations utilizing the inerrancy and infallibility as a method of justification actually originate from a self-serving nature. Ethos in effect justifies their actions under the basis of a righteous cause yet in the end is more beneficial to them than to other individuals. In the case of ethos what must be understood is that it is â€Å"artifice†, meaning that is created, manufactured, made, constructed etc. It can be considered a type of surface image which may in fact have an entirely fictitious relationship to what is actually true9. For example, a teacher could show up in class one day wearing cowboy boots, a ten gallon hat and long sleeved t-shirt with a large image of a cactus on the front, the next day he can wear an average suit and tie while the day after that he could wear a Scottish kilt, bagpipes and one of those patterned hats. The reason I mention it is due to the fact that despite the different outfits he wears the person and the ideas that are being presented have not changed at all, however, what is changed is the perception of the audience regarding the idea being presented. The same can be said for ethos wherein the method in which the idea is â€Å"packaged† drastically changes the perception of the audience towards accepting the idea itself or the validity of its statements. In the case of the ethos of various religious groups it can be seen that when boiled down to its very essence it is merely a statement which says the following: â€Å"believe in what I say since it is based on inerrant an infallible scripture†. It is in the way that it is packaged and presented to the public that changes the percept ion of the public to the idea that is being presented. What the public sees as an argument based on an ineffable and infallible scripture is in essence is a statement allowing to do whatever they want. Inerrancy and Religious Positioning Inerrancy is based on the concept that what is present is not false and affirms the truth whether it is religious, scientific or physical in nature. What you have to understand though is that the Bible being inerrant does not mean that the interpretations of the Bible that manifest itself through religious doctrine, are sufficiently inerrant themselves. For example, the current church doctrine which is specifically against the advancement of stem cell research is based off the supposedly inerrant notion of the right to life within the bible. Since stem cells are at times derived from zygotes which are incomplete versions of a proto-human fetus their use in medical research is considered to be an abhorrent violation of the right to life as indicated by the bible. It must also be noted that the concept of bible ambiguity can be considered a serious problem when it comes to religious positioning based on inerrancy since passages from the bible can be interpreted in a multitude of possible ways. For example, The Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood through their interpretation of the bible specifically state that the roles of men and women should be differentiated to specific roles within the family with no degree of overlap. As a result of this, leadership positions within the family as well as in businesses, organizations and even in government institutions under the council’s view should be exclusively isolated to men alone. On the other hand, the religious group â€Å"Christians for Biblical Equality† interpret the bible under the context of men and women being equals and possessing the ability to have the same rights and roles. This type of variant interpretation has manifested itself into the creation of n umerous church groups such as the Westborough Baptist Church, the Living Church of God and other such radical segments of Christianity that state that their interpretation of the Bible makes them the â€Å"true† church of God. Given that such groups have teachings that are considered â€Å"abnormal† even by the main orthodoxy of the Catholic Church is clear evidence that religious positions on social issues based on the inerrancy of the bible is unjustifiable given the different ways in which statements within it can be adjusted in such a way that they can actually promote hate. One of the best examples of this can be seen in the numerous instances where the Westborough Baptist Church has openly picketed in numerous areas openly stating their hatred for gays, the fact that soldiers who died in Iraq for their country are going to hell and that God does not have a place in heaven for individuals that support concepts outside of their acknowledged religious orthodoxies. F rom a certain perspective it can even be stated that the interpretation of the inerrancy of the Bible in the case of the West Borough Baptist church is one that actually promotes hate and bigotry, which were aspects that Jesus was clearly against during his time on Earth. Other interpretations based on the inerrant nature of the bible take the form of religious groups within the Philippines which has the largest Catholic community in Asia. Religious groups such as â€Å"Iglesia ni Christo† do not believe in venerating Mary based on their own interpretation of the Bible. Other groups such as the Born Again Christians do not even believe in the concept of saints which is similarly based on their belief in their own interpretation of the inerrant nature of the scripture of the Bible. As it can be seen, interpretations of the bible can be utilized to justify a whole gamut of possible manifestations whether religious or social in nature. Can the Bible be Considered Infallible? The premise of the infallibility of the bible is based on the fact that it was created as a direct action of divine intervention wherein the Holy Spirit inspired the original writers of the text to create the scriptures that we know of in the present. As such, it is considered by many religious scholars as the word of God that has been imparted to all of us as a message of love, peace and the affirmation of our faith and our destiny as God’s children. From the point of view of Grass (2007), the Bible is only considered infallible within the context of the Catholic faith given that other religions have their own versions of religious text which they similarly consider infallible (the Qur’an being a prime example of this)10. Grass (2007), points out though that the infallibility of the bible at the present is often taken out of context regarding its original purpose. The bible was meant as a means of guiding people to interact with their fellow man, to establish peaceful re lations within society and to create a culture that values love, sharing and the development of social bonds that would discourage violent actions. Thus, as a guide, it has indeed served its purpose given that biblical text has helped to inspire society towards a more â€Å"humane† way of interaction. Yet, as Galli (2011) is quick to point out, the bible was never meant as a means of dictating every aspect in relation to how society was meant to operate11. What you have to understand is that the â€Å"timelessness† that is attributed to the infallibility of the Bible is connected to its nature of ethical actions within social relationships. This means that aspects related to governance, development of technologies, conservation, environmentalism and other such topics which are at the forefront of modern day debates are not specifically included in the bible for the reason that it was never meant to encapsulate such aspects in the first place. Hylton (2011) goes on to s tate that it was only when religious institutions started interpreting the various scriptures within the bible based on its inherent inerrancy that the current problems related to religious interference in social issues started12. It based on this that it can be stated that the infallibility attributed to the bible when it comes to religious positions on social issues is unfounded given that what is stated within is taken out of context. It must be noted though several studies which have examined current teachings within religious institutions reveal that many religious orders have started to teach students that facts contained within the Bible pertaining to specific scientific or historical events which do not have an impact on their concept of faith and the Christian practice of religious devotion, may in fact contain considerable errors. This is in direct opposition to other groups who state that everything within the Bible should be considered as incontrovertible fact. What you have to understand is that despite the statements of a multitude of religious scholars, the Bible was in fact created in order to conform to ancient beliefs and practices. This means that the story of genesis, marriage to children and even the stoning of women that cheat on their husbands were all manifestations of practices at the time and as such reflected themselves accordingly into the different scriptures. In an era of modern science and greater social conscious involving ethical marriage practices and commensurate methods of punishment, the examples presented within the Bible can no longer be considered wholly accurate, and various religious groups have started to also acknowledge this as well. It is based on this that the inerrancy of the Bible as an entirely accurate source of information is doubted and as such is the basis behind an argument against the use of the concept of the infallibility of the Bible as a sufficient justification of the legitimacy of religious position s on social issues. Justification of Position Based on Inerrancy Inerrancy is based on the concept of there being no errors whatsoever within a given piece of text. Aside from grammatical errors brought about by issues in translation, the bible supposedly has no errors and is thus the pivotal text often utilized to justify religious positions. This has been seen in numerous instances throughout history such as the debate in stem cell research within the U.S., the removal of the death penalty within several Catholic oriented states within Europe as well as the Republic Health Bill within the Philippines which focuses on the introduction of sexual education classes to combat adverse increases in the population. The justification behind church interference in such issues comes directly from doctrines based on the bible involving the right to life, the orders of God to â€Å"go forth and multiply† and the teachings of Jesus which specifically connote the necessity of protecting l ife. In justifying their position on such matters religious scholars often point towards the inerrant nature of the Bible which focuses on the plan of God for humanity and the doctrines by which we should live our lives. The inherent problem though with the bible is that it lacks sufficient advice regarding the current overpopulation of the planet, the spread of HIV and other sexually transmitted illnesses and the fact that stem cell research could potentially improve the lives of countless number of people. As such, while Evangelical scholars point out that the Bible is â€Å"without error in all that affirms† the fact remains that its affirmations lack sufficient precedent on modern day issues. This is not to say that the bible is wrong, the fact is that the bible acts as a sufficient foundation for reasonable action and behaviors which acts as the cornerstones of society, however, the fact remains that it should be considered as a foundation and not the entirety by which s ocial actions should be based upon13. In a rather debasing fashion, Hansen (2008) points out that the bible states that it is perfectly fine to stone a woman to death, have sex with a child and other similar types of behavior14. Hansen (2008) utilizes this as evidence that the bible is not necessarily inerrant given that such methods of behavior are widely considered to be socially unacceptable at the present. While the arguments utilized by Hansen (2008) are far from academically appropriate, the fact remains that they do point out the inherent weaknesses of the bible and the necessity of modifying the general attitude towards its inerrant nature. For example, post modernist Christians point out that the bible should be considered partially inerrant with some aspects being utilized in order to justify methods of behavior but should not be utilized in order to affect issues which are social in nature. On the other end of the spectrum scholars point towards the inspirations drawn fro m inerrant scriptures as the means by which moral and ethical decisions concerning society should be based upon. As Jelen and Lockett (2010) explains, the fact is that the bible acts as a moral compass by which society compares its current position with the intended destination by God. It is only through such an examination that we are able to determine whether as a society we are heading towards a path of positive development or adverse debasement under the guise of technological innovation. Jelen and Lockett (2010) goes on to explain that society needs an inerrant comparison by which it can compare itself to in order to develop in such a way that it is in conjunction with the intended path set forth by God. Such arguments are related to the concepts of the protection of life, barring the use of contraception, affirming the dual nature of the sexes (i.e. being against homosexuality) and the establishment of a life based on religious doctrine15. Conclusion Based on the given argumen ts presented within this paper it can be seen that the concepts of inerrancy and infallibility when applied to the bible should not be utilized as sufficient justification on religious positions on social issues. One of the reasons behind this stems from differences in interpretation, whether intentional or not, that results in differing groups manifesting a plethora of divergent arguments. What you have to understand is that the context in which the bible was written can be interpreted in either a literal or spiritual sense and as such can result in a variety of differing religious observances. This can be seen in the general acceptance of homosexuality by one faction of Christianity and disdain from another. The same applies to views regarding women’s rights, religious observances and general ethics. As explained earlier, the bible was never truly meant to encompass all aspects and changes that could occur within society. It was written within the context of the time of the authors and as such manifests ethical and moral principles that were inherent to this particular time frame and culture. Thus, when compared to present day circumstances, the various social observances that were noted within the bible at the time become distinctly different. As such, when applied to present day social standards the bible cannot be considered wholly inerrant given that it can no longer sufficiently apply itself to modern day issues. Not only that, it was originally meant as a means of helping promote social relationships such as friendship, love and peace and; it was not meant as a means by which people should dictate the way in which society should evolve. It must also be noted that the infallible notion of the Bible is also highly questionable when applied to concepts related to technological development, population control and environmentalism given that it was not meant to encapsulate such aspects. It was originally meant as a guide for interaction, faith and th e development of love for one’s fellow man. Taking this into consideration, it can be stated justifying religious positions on the inerrant and infallible nature of the Bible is thus inapplicable since what is being done is merely interpreting what is being said in order to fit the definitions that suit the needs of that particular religious group. It can also be stated that based on the presented information it can be seen that ethos can be manufactured and created for a certain purpose and in the case of the ethos utilized by religious groups its basis is one which advocates the manipulation of facts in order to serve the ends of that particular group. The fact remains that due to reasoning of the ethos used by religious organizations that keeps on justifying itself on the basis of the infallible and inerrant nature of the Bible shows itself to be inherently flawed. The ethical flaw in this particular case is the fact that basis a system of ethos on self-interpretation crea tes far too many risks in terms of the ethical principles behind the creation of the ethos itself. In fact further examination of this type of ethos reveals that it seems more self-serving to religious groups than to the general public. As it was established earlier the concept of ethos can be shaped and molded in order to entice greater public support for a particular issue. That is what is being seen in the ethos of various religious groups wherein the justification for actions are based on an ethos that has been molded to create positive public opinion but in fact is nothing more than a method of allowing such groups to do what they please. Bibliography Audi, Robert. â€Å"Belief, faith, and acceptance.† International Journal For Philosophy Of Religion 63, no. 1-3 (February 2008): 87-102. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost . Beale, G. K. â€Å"Can the bible be completely inspired by god and yet still contain errors? a response to some recent â€Å"evangelical† prop osals.† Westminster Theological Journal 73, no. 1 (Spring2011 2011): 1-22. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost . Durland, Stanley. â€Å"The Structure of Biblical Inspiration.† Journal Of Spirituality Paranormal Studies 30, no. 2 (April 2007): 101-111. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost . Galli, Mark. â€Å"A New Bible Battle.† Christianity Today 55, no. 10 (October 2011): 11. MasterFILE Premier, EBSCOhost . Grass, Tim. â€Å"Scripture alone: ‘Is the Bible all we need?’.† Evangel 25, no. 3 (September 2007): 66-68. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost . Hansen, Collin. â€Å"Bishops Battle for the Bible.† Christianity Today 52, no. 12 (December 2008): 16. MasterFILE Premier, EBSCOhost . Hylton, Pauline. â€Å"Gifted by God.† Priority! 13, no. 2 (Summer2011 2011): 39. MasterFILE Complete, EBSCOhost . Jelen, Ted G., and Linda A. Lockett. â€Å"AMERICAN CLERGY ON EVOLUTION AND CREATIONISM.† Review Of Religious Research 51, no. 3 (March 2010): 277-287. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost . Kantzer, K. â€Å"Why I still believe the Bible is true.† Christianity Today 32, no. 14 (October 7, 1988): 22. MasterFILE Premier, EBSCOhost . â€Å"Leaving Out the Bible Can Lead to Incorrect Results.† Biblical Archaeology Review 37, no. 6 (November 2011): 12-66. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost . â€Å"No Errors? The Baptists and the bible.† Time 114, no. 1 (July 2, 1979): 61. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost . Sherkat, Darren E. â€Å"Religion and Scientific Literacy in the United States.† Social Science Quarterly (Blackwell Publishing Limited) 92, no. 5 (December 15, 2011): 1134-1150. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost . Sheler, Jeffery L. â€Å"Mysteries of the Bible. (cover story).† U.S. News World Report 118, no. 15 (April 17, 1995): 60. MasterFILE Premier, EBSCOhost . Smith, Andrew. â€Å"Secularity and biblical literalism: confronting the case for epistemological diversity. † International Journal For Philosophy Of Religion 71, no. 3 (June 2012): 205-219. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost . â€Å"The Evolution of the Debate.† Christianity Today 56, no. 7 (July 2012): 28. MasterFILE Premier, EBSCOhost . Footnotes 1 Sherkat, Darren E. â€Å"Religion and Scientific Literacy in the United States.† Social Science Quarterly (Blackwell Publishing Limited) 92, no. 5 (December 15, 2011): 1134-1150. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost . 2 Beale, G. K. â€Å"Can the bible be completely inspired by god and yet still contain errors? a response to some recent â€Å"evangelical† proposals.† Westminster Theological Journal 73, no. 1 (Spring2011 2011): 1-22. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost . 3 Smith, Andrew. â€Å"Secularity and biblical literalism: confronting the case for epistemological diversity.† International Journal For Philosophy Of Religion 71, no. 3 (June 2012): 205-219. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost . 4  "No Errors? The Baptists and the bible.† Time 114, no. 1 (July 2, 1979): 61. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost . 5 Kantzer, K. â€Å"Why I still believe the Bible is true.† Christianity Today 32, no. 14 (October 7, 1988): 22. MasterFILE Premier, EBSCOhost . 6 â€Å"The Evolution of the Debate.† Christianity Today 56, no. 7 (July 2012): 28. MasterFILE Premier, EBSCOhost . 7 â€Å"Leaving Out the Bible Can Lead to Incorrect Results.† Biblical Archaeology Review 37, no. 6 (November 2011): 12-66. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost . 8 Audi, Robert. â€Å"Belief, faith, and acceptance.† International Journal For Philosophy Of Religion 63, no. 1-3 (February 2008): 87-102. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost . 9 Sheler, Jeffery L. â€Å"Mysteries of the Bible. (cover story).† U.S. News World Report 118, no. 15 (April 17, 1995): 60. MasterFILE Premier, EBSCOhost . 10 Grass, Tim. â€Å"Scripture alone: ‘Is the Bible all we need?’.† Evangel 25, no. 3 (September 2007): 66-68. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost . 11 Galli, Mark. â€Å"A New Bible Battle.† Christianity Today 55, no. 10 (October 2011): 11. MasterFILE Premier, EBSCOhost . 12 Hylton, Pauline. â€Å"Gifted by God.† Priority! 13, no. 2 (Summer2011 2011): 39. MasterFILE Complete, EBSCOhost . 13 Durland, Stanley. â€Å"The Structure of Biblical Inspiration.† Journal Of Spirituality Paranormal Studies 30, no. 2 (April 2007): 101-111. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost . 14 Hansen, Collin. â€Å"Bishops Battle for the Bible.† Christianity Today 52, no. 12 (December 2008): 16. MasterFILE Premier, EBSCOhost . 15 Jelen, Ted G., and Linda A. Lockett. â€Å"AMERICAN CLERGY ON EVOLUTION AND CREATIONISM.† Review Of Religious Research 51, no. 3 (March 2010): 277-287. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost . This research paper on Concepts of Inerrancy and Infallibility in the Bible was written and submitted by user Emerald Woodpecker to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Robert Frost v. Pink Floyd essays

Robert Frost v. Pink Floyd essays From Robert Frost's Mending Wall to Pink Floyd's Another Brick in the Wall, humankind erects and maintains real and symbolic barriers to protect and defend opposing stances, beliefs and territories. Although each "wall" is different they serve the same purpose and both Frost and Floyd oppose them. Robert Frost's Mending Wall is a very popular poem. This poem consists of two characters: the narrator and his neighbor. In this poem the two neighbors are mending a stone wall that separates their property. The wall mending has been a pastime of the neighbors for many years and occurs every spring. Over the winter the wall has fallen victim to both hunters and the frozen ground and, therefore, contains gaps that must be filled. In the poem the narrator questions the sense of even mending the wall . He concludes that neither of the farms contain animals, only trees, which would be enough of a boundary. There is no physical need for the wall, so why go through the trouble of fixing it every year for no apparent reason. Although the narrator is right the ignorant neighbor insists that they mend the wall by saying "Good fences make good neighbors."(Frost) The neighbor repeats this saying although he doesn't know why the wall is necessary nor does he know why it will make them better neighbors . Frost is criticizing the ignorance of the neighbor here. Mending Wall, although it doesn't appear it on the surface, almost parallels to a popular Pink Floyd song, Another Brick in the Wall. The speakers of the song are students and the poem is directed towards teachers. In this song, as in Mending Wall, a barrier is discussed, but this time it is a phsycological barrier instead of a physical one. This barrier has been put up by society and is being built up by the teachers. The students are calling out against this building up of the wall. "All in all you're(teachers) just another brick in the wall."(Floyd) This barrier ...

Social Policy The modern era Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Social Policy The modern era - Essay Example This will entail use of the functionalist approach which views social welfare development as a response to emerging needs and the conflict approach that views the development as a result of labour movements. First, a brief history of social welfare will be given in order to understand origins and the workings of the old Elizabethan poor law which is the basis of welfare state in Britain. Next, the 19th and 20th century approaches to provision of poverty and public health will be outlined. This is to provide an illustration of early welfare provision and the key themes which have dominated this field for decades. The effect of political, economic and social influences on government intervention will be discussed especially the influence of industrial revolution on society and resulting social problems. The role of the liberal party which came into power in 1906 and labour movements in extending welfare provision will be explained. The effect of the great depression on welfare provisio n is also of great importance to understanding the increased state intervention during inter-war years. Lastly, a summary of the main points discussed will be given. In order to understand the development of the social welfare in Britain it is essential to understand its history. Much of Britain’s welfare policies emanated from the Elizabethan Poor Law of 1601. It established parishes which were responsible for providing relief for the poor (Alcock, Erskine & May, 2003). It also established workhouses where those in need could be assisted and work in return. One could only get relief at his parish of birth and it mostly targeted men as women and children were regarded as dependents. According to Ritter (1986) the workhouses were meant to reduce the eligibility of men to social welfare provision by limiting relief to those in workhouses although out-relief was still being offered to the poor. This was also the origin of the dreaded term ‘pauperism.’ Those receivin g relief were stigmatised and viewed as lazy members of the society who did not want to work (Dean, 2006). As revealed by poverty surveys, the Elizabethan Poor law did not alleviate poverty and was repealed in 1834. The Pre-war social welfare in Britain was dominated by the laissez-faire ideology and according to Walsh, Stephens and Moore (2000) increased state intervention in welfare provision. One of the factors attributed to this is the efficiency of the German welfare system in promoting economic competitiveness that prompted many nations to emulate the system (Dean, 2006). Thane (1996; 2011) argues that it was the industrial revolution in Britain in 18th century continuing into the 20th century that sparked reforms in welfare provision before WWI. The role of the liberal party which came into power in 1906 cannot be overemphasised as well as the philosophy of social liberalism prevalent at the time. Industrial revolution began in the 18th century and with it brought many econom ic and social changes that influenced the development of social welfare in Britain (Walsh et al. 2000). Before then, Britain was an agricultural country but thereafter transformed into a factory-based economy. The domestic system had been the prevalent system in 18th century and workers worked at own homes producing food for subsistence. They could work at their own pace and control their working conditions but due to industrialisation this system was replaced by the factory